Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)
Definition
The thoracic outlet is the site of the lower neck and upper chest. It has a many nerves, blood vessels, muscles, and bones that run through a small site. Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is when the nerves and blood vessels are squeezed, irritated, or harmed.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome |
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc. |
Causes
TOS may be due to:
- Defects in nearby structures
- Trauma
- Poor posture
Risk Factors
Things that raise the risk of TOS are:
- An extra rib or a first rib that is not typical
- Trauma
- Motions that a person repeats often
- Job problems, such as poor posture or using the computer too much
Symptoms
TOS may cause:
- Arm or hand pain
- Lack of arm or hand strength
- Numbness and a feeling of pins and needles
- Cold sensitivity in the hands and fingers
- Pain or sores of the fingers
- Poor blood flow to the arm, hands, and fingers
- Swelling
- Skin of one or both arms turning pale and blue
Diagnosis
The doctor will ask about symptoms and past health. A physical exam will be done.
The doctor will ask the person to hold their arms and head in positions that may cause TOS. The results of these tests will help show if they have TOS.
The person may also have:
- Blood tests
- Electromyography and other tests of the nerves
Pictures may be taken with:
- Chest x-ray
- Ultrasound
- CT angiography
- MRI scan
- Venography
Treatment
Treatment depends on the symptoms. In most cases, TOS is treated with pain medicine and physical therapy.
Medication
The person may need to take:
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Muscle relaxants
- Antidepressants
- Blood thinners
- Anti-platelet medicines
Physical Therapy
A therapist will make an exercise plan. It will help to ease symptoms by relaxing nearby muscles. This will help improve posture better and ease pressure on nerves and blood vessels.
Lifestyle Changes
The person may need to:
- Avoid activity that causes pain.
- Practice good posture.
- Avoid repetitive motion.
- Change your workstation layout.
- Exercise regularly.
Surgery
If other treatments fail, the doctor may advise surgery. The goal is to move or remove the source of the pressure. In some people, this may mean taking out part or all of the first rib. This can make more room for the nerves and blood vessels.
Prevention
TOS cannot be prevented.
References
- Cavanna AC, Giovanis A, et al. Thoracic outlet syndrome: a review for the primary care provider. J Osteopath Med. 2022;122(11):587-599.
- Thoracic outlet syndrome. Ortho Info—American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons website. Available at: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome.
- Thoracic outlet syndrome. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/thoracic-outlet-syndrome .
- Thoracic outlet syndrome. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke website. Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/thoracic-outlet-syndrome.